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- #
- # Data/Dumper.pm
- #
- # convert perl data structures into perl syntax suitable for both printing
- # and eval
- #
- # Documentation at the __END__
- #
-
- package Data::Dumper;
-
- $VERSION = $VERSION = '2.09';
-
- #$| = 1;
-
- require 5.004;
- require Exporter;
- require DynaLoader;
- require overload;
-
- use Carp;
-
- @ISA = qw(Exporter DynaLoader);
- @EXPORT = qw(Dumper);
- @EXPORT_OK = qw(DumperX);
-
- bootstrap Data::Dumper;
-
- # module vars and their defaults
- $Indent = 2 unless defined $Indent;
- $Purity = 0 unless defined $Purity;
- $Pad = "" unless defined $Pad;
- $Varname = "VAR" unless defined $Varname;
- $Useqq = 0 unless defined $Useqq;
- $Terse = 0 unless defined $Terse;
- $Freezer = "" unless defined $Freezer;
- $Toaster = "" unless defined $Toaster;
- $Deepcopy = 0 unless defined $Deepcopy;
- $Quotekeys = 1 unless defined $Quotekeys;
- $Bless = "bless" unless defined $Bless;
- #$Expdepth = 0 unless defined $Expdepth;
- #$Maxdepth = 0 unless defined $Maxdepth;
-
- #
- # expects an arrayref of values to be dumped.
- # can optionally pass an arrayref of names for the values.
- # names must have leading $ sign stripped. begin the name with *
- # to cause output of arrays and hashes rather than refs.
- #
- sub new {
- my($c, $v, $n) = @_;
-
- croak "Usage: PACKAGE->new(ARRAYREF, [ARRAYREF])"
- unless (defined($v) && (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY'));
- $n = [] unless (defined($n) && (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY'));
-
- my($s) = {
- level => 0, # current recursive depth
- indent => $Indent, # various styles of indenting
- pad => $Pad, # all lines prefixed by this string
- xpad => "", # padding-per-level
- apad => "", # added padding for hash keys n such
- sep => "", # list separator
- seen => {}, # local (nested) refs (id => [name, val])
- todump => $v, # values to dump []
- names => $n, # optional names for values []
- varname => $Varname, # prefix to use for tagging nameless ones
- purity => $Purity, # degree to which output is evalable
- useqq => $Useqq, # use "" for strings (backslashitis ensues)
- terse => $Terse, # avoid name output (where feasible)
- freezer => $Freezer, # name of Freezer method for objects
- toaster => $Toaster, # name of method to revive objects
- deepcopy => $Deepcopy, # dont cross-ref, except to stop recursion
- quotekeys => $Quotekeys, # quote hash keys
- 'bless' => $Bless, # keyword to use for "bless"
- # expdepth => $Expdepth, # cutoff depth for explicit dumping
- # maxdepth => $Maxdepth, # depth beyond which we give up
- };
-
- if ($Indent > 0) {
- $s->{xpad} = " ";
- $s->{sep} = "\n";
- }
- return bless($s, $c);
- }
-
- #
- # add-to or query the table of already seen references
- #
- sub Seen {
- my($s, $g) = @_;
- if (defined($g) && (ref($g) eq 'HASH')) {
- my($k, $v, $id);
- while (($k, $v) = each %$g) {
- if (defined $v and ref $v) {
- ($id) = (overload::StrVal($v) =~ /\((.*)\)$/);
- if ($k =~ /^[*](.*)$/) {
- $k = (ref $v eq 'ARRAY') ? ( "\\\@" . $1 ) :
- (ref $v eq 'HASH') ? ( "\\\%" . $1 ) :
- (ref $v eq 'CODE') ? ( "\\\&" . $1 ) :
- ( "\$" . $1 ) ;
- }
- elsif ($k !~ /^\$/) {
- $k = "\$" . $k;
- }
- $s->{seen}{$id} = [$k, $v];
- }
- else {
- carp "Only refs supported, ignoring non-ref item \$$k";
- }
- }
- return $s;
- }
- else {
- return map { @$_ } values %{$s->{seen}};
- }
- }
-
- #
- # set or query the values to be dumped
- #
- sub Values {
- my($s, $v) = @_;
- if (defined($v) && (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY')) {
- $s->{todump} = [@$v]; # make a copy
- return $s;
- }
- else {
- return @{$s->{todump}};
- }
- }
-
- #
- # set or query the names of the values to be dumped
- #
- sub Names {
- my($s, $n) = @_;
- if (defined($n) && (ref($n) eq 'ARRAY')) {
- $s->{names} = [@$n]; # make a copy
- return $s;
- }
- else {
- return @{$s->{names}};
- }
- }
-
- sub DESTROY {}
-
- #
- # dump the refs in the current dumper object.
- # expects same args as new() if called via package name.
- #
- sub Dump {
- my($s) = shift;
- my(@out, $val, $name);
- my($i) = 0;
- local(@post);
-
- $s = $s->new(@_) unless ref $s;
-
- for $val (@{$s->{todump}}) {
- my $out = "";
- @post = ();
- $name = $s->{names}[$i++];
- if (defined $name) {
- if ($name =~ /^[*](.*)$/) {
- if (defined $val) {
- $name = (ref $val eq 'ARRAY') ? ( "\@" . $1 ) :
- (ref $val eq 'HASH') ? ( "\%" . $1 ) :
- (ref $val eq 'CODE') ? ( "\*" . $1 ) :
- ( "\$" . $1 ) ;
- }
- else {
- $name = "\$" . $1;
- }
- }
- elsif ($name !~ /^\$/) {
- $name = "\$" . $name;
- }
- }
- else {
- $name = "\$" . $s->{varname} . $i;
- }
-
- my $valstr;
- {
- local($s->{apad}) = $s->{apad};
- $s->{apad} .= ' ' x (length($name) + 3) if $s->{indent} >= 2;
- $valstr = $s->_dump($val, $name);
- }
-
- $valstr = "$name = " . $valstr . ';' if @post or !$s->{terse};
- $out .= $s->{pad} . $valstr . $s->{sep};
- $out .= $s->{pad} . join(';' . $s->{sep} . $s->{pad}, @post)
- . ';' . $s->{sep} if @post;
-
- push @out, $out;
- }
- return wantarray ? @out : join('', @out);
- }
-
- #
- # twist, toil and turn;
- # and recurse, of course.
- #
- sub _dump {
- my($s, $val, $name) = @_;
- my($sname);
- my($out, $realpack, $realtype, $type, $ipad, $id, $blesspad);
-
- return "undef" unless defined $val;
-
- $type = ref $val;
- $out = "";
-
- if ($type) {
-
- # prep it, if it looks like an object
- if ($type =~ /[a-z_:]/) {
- my $freezer = $s->{freezer};
- # UNIVERSAL::can should be used here, when we can require 5.004
- if ($freezer) {
- eval { $val->$freezer() };
- carp "WARNING(Freezer method call failed): $@" if $@;
- }
- }
-
- ($realpack, $realtype, $id) =
- (overload::StrVal($val) =~ /^(?:(.*)\=)?([^=]*)\(([^\(]*)\)$/);
-
- # keep a tab on it so that we dont fall into recursive pit
- if (exists $s->{seen}{$id}) {
- # if ($s->{expdepth} < $s->{level}) {
- if ($s->{purity} and $s->{level} > 0) {
- $out = ($realtype eq 'HASH') ? '{}' :
- ($realtype eq 'ARRAY') ? '[]' :
- "''" ;
- push @post, $name . " = " . $s->{seen}{$id}[0];
- }
- else {
- $out = $s->{seen}{$id}[0];
- if ($name =~ /^([\@\%])/) {
- my $start = $1;
- if ($out =~ /^\\$start/) {
- $out = substr($out, 1);
- }
- else {
- $out = $start . '{' . $out . '}';
- }
- }
- }
- return $out;
- # }
- }
- else {
- # store our name
- $s->{seen}{$id} = [ (($name =~ /^[@%]/) ? ('\\' . $name ) :
- ($realtype eq 'CODE' and
- $name =~ /^[*](.*)$/) ? ('\\&' . $1 ) :
- $name ),
- $val ];
- }
-
- $s->{level}++;
- $ipad = $s->{xpad} x $s->{level};
-
- if ($realpack) { # we have a blessed ref
- $out = $s->{'bless'} . '( ';
- $blesspad = $s->{apad};
- $s->{apad} .= ' ' if ($s->{indent} >= 2);
- }
-
- if ($realtype eq 'SCALAR') {
- if ($realpack) {
- $out .= 'do{\\(my $o = ' . $s->_dump($$val, "") . ')}';
- }
- else {
- $out .= '\\' . $s->_dump($$val, "");
- }
- }
- elsif ($realtype eq 'GLOB') {
- $out .= '\\' . $s->_dump($$val, "");
- }
- elsif ($realtype eq 'ARRAY') {
- my($v, $pad, $mname);
- my($i) = 0;
- $out .= ($name =~ /^\@/) ? '(' : '[';
- $pad = $s->{sep} . $s->{pad} . $s->{apad};
- ($name =~ /^\@(.*)$/) ? ($mname = "\$" . $1) :
- ($name =~ /[]}]$/) ? ($mname = $name) : ($mname = $name . '->');
- $mname .= '->' if $mname =~ /^\*.+\{[A-Z]+\}$/;
- for $v (@$val) {
- $sname = $mname . '[' . $i . ']';
- $out .= $pad . $ipad . '#' . $i if $s->{indent} >= 3;
- $out .= $pad . $ipad . $s->_dump($v, $sname);
- $out .= "," if $i++ < $#$val;
- }
- $out .= $pad . ($s->{xpad} x ($s->{level} - 1)) if $i;
- $out .= ($name =~ /^\@/) ? ')' : ']';
- }
- elsif ($realtype eq 'HASH') {
- my($k, $v, $pad, $lpad, $mname);
- $out .= ($name =~ /^\%/) ? '(' : '{';
- $pad = $s->{sep} . $s->{pad} . $s->{apad};
- $lpad = $s->{apad};
- ($name =~ /^\%(.*)$/) ? ($mname = "\$" . $1) :
- ($name =~ /[]}]$/) ? ($mname = $name) : ($mname = $name . '->');
- $mname .= '->' if $mname =~ /^\*.+\{[A-Z]+\}$/;
- while (($k, $v) = each %$val) {
- my $nk = $s->_dump($k, "");
- $nk = $1 if !$s->{quotekeys} and $nk =~ /^[\"\']([A-Za-z_]\w*)[\"\']$/;
- $sname = $mname . '{' . $nk . '}';
- $out .= $pad . $ipad . $nk . " => ";
-
- # temporarily alter apad
- $s->{apad} .= (" " x (length($nk) + 4)) if $s->{indent} >= 2;
- $out .= $s->_dump($val->{$k}, $sname) . ",";
- $s->{apad} = $lpad if $s->{indent} >= 2;
- }
- if (substr($out, -1) eq ',') {
- chop $out;
- $out .= $pad . ($s->{xpad} x ($s->{level} - 1));
- }
- $out .= ($name =~ /^\%/) ? ')' : '}';
- }
- elsif ($realtype eq 'CODE') {
- $out .= '"DUMMY"';
- $out = 'sub { ' . $out . ' }';
- carp "Encountered CODE ref, using dummy placeholder" if $s->{purity};
- }
- else {
- croak "Can\'t handle $realtype type.";
- }
-
- if ($realpack) { # we have a blessed ref
- $out .= ', \'' . $realpack . '\'' . ' )';
- $out .= '->' . $s->{toaster} . '()' if $s->{toaster} ne '';
- $s->{apad} = $blesspad;
- }
- $s->{level}--;
-
- }
- else { # simple scalar
-
- my $ref = \$_[1];
- # first, catalog the scalar
- if ($name ne '') {
- ($id) = ("$ref" =~ /\(([^\(]*)\)$/);
- if (exists $s->{seen}{$id}) {
- $out = $s->{seen}{$id}[0];
- return $out;
- }
- else {
- $s->{seen}{$id} = ["\\$name", $val];
- }
- }
- if (ref($ref) eq 'GLOB' or "$ref" =~ /=GLOB\([^()]+\)$/) { # glob
- my $name = substr($val, 1);
- if ($name =~ /^[A-Za-z_][\w:]*$/) {
- $name =~ s/^main::/::/;
- $sname = $name;
- }
- else {
- $sname = $s->_dump($name, "");
- $sname = '{' . $sname . '}';
- }
- if ($s->{purity}) {
- my $k;
- local ($s->{level}) = 0;
- for $k (qw(SCALAR ARRAY HASH)) {
- # _dump can push into @post, so we hold our place using $postlen
- my $postlen = scalar @post;
- $post[$postlen] = "\*$sname = ";
- local ($s->{apad}) = " " x length($post[$postlen]) if $s->{indent} >= 2;
- $post[$postlen] .= $s->_dump(*{$name}{$k}, "\*$sname\{$k\}");
- }
- }
- $out .= '*' . $sname;
- }
- elsif ($val =~ /^-?[1-9]\d{0,8}$/) { # safe decimal number
- $out .= $val;
- }
- else { # string
- if ($s->{useqq}) {
- $out .= qquote($val);
- }
- else {
- $val =~ s/([\\\'])/\\$1/g;
- $out .= '\'' . $val . '\'';
- }
- }
- }
-
- # if we made it this far, $id was added to seen list at current
- # level, so remove it to get deep copies
- delete($s->{seen}{$id}) if $id and $s->{deepcopy};
- return $out;
- }
-
- #
- # non-OO style of earlier version
- #
- sub Dumper {
- return Data::Dumper->Dump([@_]);
- }
-
- #
- # same, only calls the XS version
- #
- sub DumperX {
- return Data::Dumper->Dumpxs([@_], []);
- }
-
- sub Dumpf { return Data::Dumper->Dump(@_) }
-
- sub Dumpp { print Data::Dumper->Dump(@_) }
-
- #
- # reset the "seen" cache
- #
- sub Reset {
- my($s) = shift;
- $s->{seen} = {};
- return $s;
- }
-
- sub Indent {
- my($s, $v) = @_;
- if (defined($v)) {
- if ($v == 0) {
- $s->{xpad} = "";
- $s->{sep} = "";
- }
- else {
- $s->{xpad} = " ";
- $s->{sep} = "\n";
- }
- $s->{indent} = $v;
- return $s;
- }
- else {
- return $s->{indent};
- }
- }
-
- sub Pad {
- my($s, $v) = @_;
- defined($v) ? (($s->{pad} = $v), return $s) : $s->{pad};
- }
-
- sub Varname {
- my($s, $v) = @_;
- defined($v) ? (($s->{varname} = $v), return $s) : $s->{varname};
- }
-
- sub Purity {
- my($s, $v) = @_;
- defined($v) ? (($s->{purity} = $v), return $s) : $s->{purity};
- }
-
- sub Useqq {
- my($s, $v) = @_;
- defined($v) ? (($s->{useqq} = $v), return $s) : $s->{useqq};
- }
-
- sub Terse {
- my($s, $v) = @_;
- defined($v) ? (($s->{terse} = $v), return $s) : $s->{terse};
- }
-
- sub Freezer {
- my($s, $v) = @_;
- defined($v) ? (($s->{freezer} = $v), return $s) : $s->{freezer};
- }
-
- sub Toaster {
- my($s, $v) = @_;
- defined($v) ? (($s->{toaster} = $v), return $s) : $s->{toaster};
- }
-
- sub Deepcopy {
- my($s, $v) = @_;
- defined($v) ? (($s->{deepcopy} = $v), return $s) : $s->{deepcopy};
- }
-
- sub Quotekeys {
- my($s, $v) = @_;
- defined($v) ? (($s->{quotekeys} = $v), return $s) : $s->{quotekeys};
- }
-
- sub Bless {
- my($s, $v) = @_;
- defined($v) ? (($s->{'bless'} = $v), return $s) : $s->{'bless'};
- }
-
- # put a string value in double quotes
- sub qquote {
- local($_) = shift;
- s/([\\\"\@\$\%])/\\$1/g;
- s/\a/\\a/g;
- s/[\b]/\\b/g;
- s/\t/\\t/g;
- s/\n/\\n/g;
- s/\f/\\f/g;
- s/\r/\\r/g;
- s/\e/\\e/g;
-
- # this won't work!
- # s/([^\a\b\t\n\f\r\e\038-\176])/'\\'.sprintf('%03o',ord($1))/eg;
- s/([\000-\006\013\016-\032\034-\037\177\200-\377])/'\\'.sprintf('%03o',ord($1))/eg;
- return "\"$_\"";
- }
-
- 1;
- __END__
-
- =head1 NAME
-
- Data::Dumper - stringified perl data structures, suitable for both printing and C<eval>
-
-
- =head1 SYNOPSIS
-
- use Data::Dumper;
-
- # simple procedural interface
- print Dumper($foo, $bar);
-
- # extended usage with names
- print Data::Dumper->Dump([$foo, $bar], [qw(foo *ary)]);
-
- # configuration variables
- {
- local $Data::Dump::Purity = 1;
- eval Data::Dumper->Dump([$foo, $bar], [qw(foo *ary)]);
- }
-
- # OO usage
- $d = Data::Dumper->new([$foo, $bar], [qw(foo *ary)]);
- ...
- print $d->Dump;
- ...
- $d->Purity(1)->Terse(1)->Deepcopy(1);
- eval $d->Dump;
-
-
- =head1 DESCRIPTION
-
- Given a list of scalars or reference variables, writes out their contents in
- perl syntax. The references can also be objects. The contents of each
- variable is output in a single Perl statement. Handles self-referential
- structures correctly.
-
- The return value can be C<eval>ed to get back an identical copy of the
- original reference structure.
-
- Any references that are the same as one of those passed in will be named
- C<$VAR>I<n> (where I<n> is a numeric suffix), and other duplicate references
- to substructures within C<$VAR>I<n> will be appropriately labeled using arrow
- notation. You can specify names for individual values to be dumped if you
- use the C<Dump()> method, or you can change the default C<$VAR> prefix to
- something else. See C<$Data::Dumper::Varname> and C<$Data::Dumper::Terse>
- below.
-
- The default output of self-referential structures can be C<eval>ed, but the
- nested references to C<$VAR>I<n> will be undefined, since a recursive
- structure cannot be constructed using one Perl statement. You should set the
- C<Purity> flag to 1 to get additional statements that will correctly fill in
- these references.
-
- In the extended usage form, the references to be dumped can be given
- user-specified names. If a name begins with a C<*>, the output will
- describe the dereferenced type of the supplied reference for hashes and
- arrays, and coderefs. Output of names will be avoided where possible if
- the C<Terse> flag is set.
-
- In many cases, methods that are used to set the internal state of the
- object will return the object itself, so method calls can be conveniently
- chained together.
-
- Several styles of output are possible, all controlled by setting
- the C<Indent> flag. See L<Configuration Variables or Methods> below
- for details.
-
-
- =head2 Methods
-
- =over 4
-
- =item I<PACKAGE>->new(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>)
-
- Returns a newly created C<Data::Dumper> object. The first argument is an
- anonymous array of values to be dumped. The optional second argument is an
- anonymous array of names for the values. The names need not have a leading
- C<$> sign, and must be comprised of alphanumeric characters. You can begin
- a name with a C<*> to specify that the dereferenced type must be dumped
- instead of the reference itself, for ARRAY and HASH references.
-
- The prefix specified by C<$Data::Dumper::Varname> will be used with a
- numeric suffix if the name for a value is undefined.
-
- Data::Dumper will catalog all references encountered while dumping the
- values. Cross-references (in the form of names of substructures in perl
- syntax) will be inserted at all possible points, preserving any structural
- interdependencies in the original set of values. Structure traversal is
- depth-first, and proceeds in order from the first supplied value to
- the last.
-
- =item I<$OBJ>->Dump I<or> I<PACKAGE>->Dump(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>)
-
- Returns the stringified form of the values stored in the object (preserving
- the order in which they were supplied to C<new>), subject to the
- configuration options below. In an array context, it returns a list
- of strings corresponding to the supplied values.
-
- The second form, for convenience, simply calls the C<new> method on its
- arguments before dumping the object immediately.
-
- =item I<$OBJ>->Dumpxs I<or> I<PACKAGE>->Dumpxs(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>)
-
- This method is available if you were able to compile and install the XSUB
- extension to C<Data::Dumper>. It is exactly identical to the C<Dump> method
- above, only about 4 to 5 times faster, since it is written entirely in C.
-
- =item I<$OBJ>->Seen(I<[HASHREF]>)
-
- Queries or adds to the internal table of already encountered references.
- You must use C<Reset> to explicitly clear the table if needed. Such
- references are not dumped; instead, their names are inserted wherever they
- are encountered subsequently. This is useful especially for properly
- dumping subroutine references.
-
- Expects a anonymous hash of name => value pairs. Same rules apply for names
- as in C<new>. If no argument is supplied, will return the "seen" list of
- name => value pairs, in an array context. Otherwise, returns the object
- itself.
-
- =item I<$OBJ>->Values(I<[ARRAYREF]>)
-
- Queries or replaces the internal array of values that will be dumped.
- When called without arguments, returns the values. Otherwise, returns the
- object itself.
-
- =item I<$OBJ>->Names(I<[ARRAYREF]>)
-
- Queries or replaces the internal array of user supplied names for the values
- that will be dumped. When called without arguments, returns the names.
- Otherwise, returns the object itself.
-
- =item I<$OBJ>->Reset
-
- Clears the internal table of "seen" references and returns the object
- itself.
-
- =back
-
- =head2 Functions
-
- =over 4
-
- =item Dumper(I<LIST>)
-
- Returns the stringified form of the values in the list, subject to the
- configuration options below. The values will be named C<$VAR>I<n> in the
- output, where I<n> is a numeric suffix. Will return a list of strings
- in an array context.
-
- =item DumperX(I<LIST>)
-
- Identical to the C<Dumper()> function above, but this calls the XSUB
- implementation. Only available if you were able to compile and install
- the XSUB extensions in C<Data::Dumper>.
-
- =back
-
- =head2 Configuration Variables or Methods
-
- Several configuration variables can be used to control the kind of output
- generated when using the procedural interface. These variables are usually
- C<local>ized in a block so that other parts of the code are not affected by
- the change.
-
- These variables determine the default state of the object created by calling
- the C<new> method, but cannot be used to alter the state of the object
- thereafter. The equivalent method names should be used instead to query
- or set the internal state of the object.
-
- The method forms return the object itself when called with arguments,
- so that they can be chained together nicely.
-
- =over 4
-
- =item $Data::Dumper::Indent I<or> I<$OBJ>->Indent(I<[NEWVAL]>)
-
- Controls the style of indentation. It can be set to 0, 1, 2 or 3. Style 0
- spews output without any newlines, indentation, or spaces between list
- items. It is the most compact format possible that can still be called
- valid perl. Style 1 outputs a readable form with newlines but no fancy
- indentation (each level in the structure is simply indented by a fixed
- amount of whitespace). Style 2 (the default) outputs a very readable form
- which takes into account the length of hash keys (so the hash value lines
- up). Style 3 is like style 2, but also annotates the elements of arrays
- with their index (but the comment is on its own line, so array output
- consumes twice the number of lines). Style 2 is the default.
-
- =item $Data::Dumper::Purity I<or> I<$OBJ>->Purity(I<[NEWVAL]>)
-
- Controls the degree to which the output can be C<eval>ed to recreate the
- supplied reference structures. Setting it to 1 will output additional perl
- statements that will correctly recreate nested references. The default is
- 0.
-
- =item $Data::Dumper::Pad I<or> I<$OBJ>->Pad(I<[NEWVAL]>)
-
- Specifies the string that will be prefixed to every line of the output.
- Empty string by default.
-
- =item $Data::Dumper::Varname I<or> I<$OBJ>->Varname(I<[NEWVAL]>)
-
- Contains the prefix to use for tagging variable names in the output. The
- default is "VAR".
-
- =item $Data::Dumper::Useqq I<or> I<$OBJ>->Useqq(I<[NEWVAL]>)
-
- When set, enables the use of double quotes for representing string values.
- Whitespace other than space will be represented as C<[\n\t\r]>, "unsafe"
- characters will be backslashed, and unprintable characters will be output as
- quoted octal integers. Since setting this variable imposes a performance
- penalty, the default is 0. The C<Dumpxs()> method does not honor this
- flag yet.
-
- =item $Data::Dumper::Terse I<or> I<$OBJ>->Terse(I<[NEWVAL]>)
-
- When set, Data::Dumper will emit single, non-self-referential values as
- atoms/terms rather than statements. This means that the C<$VAR>I<n> names
- will be avoided where possible, but be advised that such output may not
- always be parseable by C<eval>.
-
- =item $Data::Dumper::Freezer I<or> $I<OBJ>->Freezer(I<[NEWVAL]>)
-
- Can be set to a method name, or to an empty string to disable the feature.
- Data::Dumper will invoke that method via the object before attempting to
- stringify it. This method can alter the contents of the object (if, for
- instance, it contains data allocated from C), and even rebless it in a
- different package. The client is responsible for making sure the specified
- method can be called via the object, and that the object ends up containing
- only perl data types after the method has been called. Defaults to an empty
- string.
-
- =item $Data::Dumper::Toaster I<or> $I<OBJ>->Toaster(I<[NEWVAL]>)
-
- Can be set to a method name, or to an empty string to disable the feature.
- Data::Dumper will emit a method call for any objects that are to be dumped
- using the syntax C<bless(DATA, CLASS)->METHOD()>. Note that this means that
- the method specified will have to perform any modifications required on the
- object (like creating new state within it, and/or reblessing it in a
- different package) and then return it. The client is responsible for making
- sure the method can be called via the object, and that it returns a valid
- object. Defaults to an empty string.
-
- =item $Data::Dumper::Deepcopy I<or> $I<OBJ>->Deepcopy(I<[NEWVAL]>)
-
- Can be set to a boolean value to enable deep copies of structures.
- Cross-referencing will then only be done when absolutely essential
- (i.e., to break reference cycles). Default is 0.
-
- =item $Data::Dumper::Quotekeys I<or> $I<OBJ>->Quotekeys(I<[NEWVAL]>)
-
- Can be set to a boolean value to control whether hash keys are quoted.
- A false value will avoid quoting hash keys when it looks like a simple
- string. Default is 1, which will always enclose hash keys in quotes.
-
- =item $Data::Dumper::Bless I<or> $I<OBJ>->Bless(I<[NEWVAL]>)
-
- Can be set to a string that specifies an alternative to the C<bless>
- builtin operator used to create objects. A function with the specified
- name should exist, and should accept the same arguments as the builtin.
- Default is C<bless>.
-
- =back
-
- =head2 Exports
-
- =over 4
-
- =item Dumper
-
- =back
-
- =head1 EXAMPLES
-
- Run these code snippets to get a quick feel for the behavior of this
- module. When you are through with these examples, you may want to
- add or change the various configuration variables described above,
- to see their behavior. (See the testsuite in the Data::Dumper
- distribution for more examples.)
-
-
- use Data::Dumper;
-
- package Foo;
- sub new {bless {'a' => 1, 'b' => sub { return "foo" }}, $_[0]};
-
- package Fuz; # a weird REF-REF-SCALAR object
- sub new {bless \($_ = \ 'fu\'z'), $_[0]};
-
- package main;
- $foo = Foo->new;
- $fuz = Fuz->new;
- $boo = [ 1, [], "abcd", \*foo,
- {1 => 'a', 023 => 'b', 0x45 => 'c'},
- \\"p\q\'r", $foo, $fuz];
-
- ########
- # simple usage
- ########
-
- $bar = eval(Dumper($boo));
- print($@) if $@;
- print Dumper($boo), Dumper($bar); # pretty print (no array indices)
-
- $Data::Dumper::Terse = 1; # don't output names where feasible
- $Data::Dumper::Indent = 0; # turn off all pretty print
- print Dumper($boo), "\n";
-
- $Data::Dumper::Indent = 1; # mild pretty print
- print Dumper($boo);
-
- $Data::Dumper::Indent = 3; # pretty print with array indices
- print Dumper($boo);
-
- $Data::Dumper::Useqq = 1; # print strings in double quotes
- print Dumper($boo);
-
-
- ########
- # recursive structures
- ########
-
- @c = ('c');
- $c = \@c;
- $b = {};
- $a = [1, $b, $c];
- $b->{a} = $a;
- $b->{b} = $a->[1];
- $b->{c} = $a->[2];
- print Data::Dumper->Dump([$a,$b,$c], [qw(a b c)]);
-
-
- $Data::Dumper::Purity = 1; # fill in the holes for eval
- print Data::Dumper->Dump([$a, $b], [qw(*a b)]); # print as @a
- print Data::Dumper->Dump([$b, $a], [qw(*b a)]); # print as %b
-
-
- $Data::Dumper::Deepcopy = 1; # avoid cross-refs
- print Data::Dumper->Dump([$b, $a], [qw(*b a)]);
-
-
- $Data::Dumper::Purity = 0; # avoid cross-refs
- print Data::Dumper->Dump([$b, $a], [qw(*b a)]);
-
-
- ########
- # object-oriented usage
- ########
-
- $d = Data::Dumper->new([$a,$b], [qw(a b)]);
- $d->Seen({'*c' => $c}); # stash a ref without printing it
- $d->Indent(3);
- print $d->Dump;
- $d->Reset->Purity(0); # empty the seen cache
- print join "----\n", $d->Dump;
-
-
- ########
- # persistence
- ########
-
- package Foo;
- sub new { bless { state => 'awake' }, shift }
- sub Freeze {
- my $s = shift;
- print STDERR "preparing to sleep\n";
- $s->{state} = 'asleep';
- return bless $s, 'Foo::ZZZ';
- }
-
- package Foo::ZZZ;
- sub Thaw {
- my $s = shift;
- print STDERR "waking up\n";
- $s->{state} = 'awake';
- return bless $s, 'Foo';
- }
-
- package Foo;
- use Data::Dumper;
- $a = Foo->new;
- $b = Data::Dumper->new([$a], ['c']);
- $b->Freezer('Freeze');
- $b->Toaster('Thaw');
- $c = $b->Dump;
- print $c;
- $d = eval $c;
- print Data::Dumper->Dump([$d], ['d']);
-
-
- ########
- # symbol substitution (useful for recreating CODE refs)
- ########
-
- sub foo { print "foo speaking\n" }
- *other = \&foo;
- $bar = [ \&other ];
- $d = Data::Dumper->new([\&other,$bar],['*other','bar']);
- $d->Seen({ '*foo' => \&foo });
- print $d->Dump;
-
-
- =head1 BUGS
-
- Due to limitations of Perl subroutine call semantics, you cannot pass an
- array or hash. Prepend it with a C<\> to pass its reference instead. This
- will be remedied in time, with the arrival of prototypes in later versions
- of Perl. For now, you need to use the extended usage form, and prepend the
- name with a C<*> to output it as a hash or array.
-
- C<Data::Dumper> cheats with CODE references. If a code reference is
- encountered in the structure being processed, an anonymous subroutine that
- contains the string '"DUMMY"' will be inserted in its place, and a warning
- will be printed if C<Purity> is set. You can C<eval> the result, but bear
- in mind that the anonymous sub that gets created is just a placeholder.
- Someday, perl will have a switch to cache-on-demand the string
- representation of a compiled piece of code, I hope. If you have prior
- knowledge of all the code refs that your data structures are likely
- to have, you can use the C<Seen> method to pre-seed the internal reference
- table and make the dumped output point to them, instead. See L<EXAMPLES>
- above.
-
- The C<Useqq> flag is not honored by C<Dumpxs()> (it always outputs
- strings in single quotes).
-
- SCALAR objects have the weirdest looking C<bless> workaround.
-
-
- =head1 AUTHOR
-
- Gurusamy Sarathy gsar@umich.edu
-
- Copyright (c) 1996-98 Gurusamy Sarathy. All rights reserved.
- This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
- modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
-
-
- =head1 VERSION
-
- Version 2.09 (9 July 1998)
-
- =head1 SEE ALSO
-
- perl(1)
-
- =cut
-